Programmer a pragmatist From Journeyman to Master Review Essay Example

Programmer a pragmatist: From Journeyman to Master Review Paper Essay on Programmer a pragmatist: From Journeyman to Master There are books that teach us to certain aspects of our profession. Some speak of a particular technology or programming language, which could be not relevant at the moment, when you brought it from a bookshop. Others teach us, their methodologies, they say they are the best, giving examples that are sure to show the power of their words. Third acquaint us with the operating systems, their advantages and disadvantages. Fourth talk about the fashion database management systems and their correct application. All of this is wonderful. Each of these books leaves a trace in our soul. Some are forgotten after we finish them, we throw the other, not having read the half, others still remembered many years later. All this makes us stronger, more confident, we build more and more new systems, solve increasingly complex problems. But very often we do not have enough glue that would have stuck together all our knowledge and allow go to the next level. After all, human development, as much in this world is a spiral, is an iterative and ongoing process. And this is one of the few books that will allow to rise a few levels up and move in this spiral at a faster pace The main slogan of the book -. Never stop in its development. If you are familiar with one programming language and feel that further study within the framework of the current project is simply impossible, begin to learn another language. And though hell never come in handy, but this knowledge will never be superfluous. Here is what says in one of his interviews, Bjarne Stroustrup on this issue: We will write a custom essay sample on Programmer a pragmatist: From Journeyman to Master Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Programmer a pragmatist: From Journeyman to Master Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Programmer a pragmatist: From Journeyman to Master Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «It seems to me that the language we use to express their ideas and become part of us, so if you know only one language, can It seems as if proponents of other languages ​​represent a danger for you personally. It seems to me that the way out of this situation the development of other languages. I doubt that you can be a professional in the field of software and know only one language. Maybe economic reason: the fundamental knowledge beyond the boundaries of language, unlike many practical skills. Therefore, if I know only the language of X and toolkits, and you are a supporter of the language Y and its toolboxes, you represent a threat to the source of my income. Again, the decision seems to me in the knowledge of multiple languages ​​and tools (as well as a solid understanding of fundamental concepts)  » The same view is shared by the authors of this book, but in a broader context.. After all, our toolkit is not just limited to programming languages.  «Unfortunately, knowledge and experience are expiring assets. Your knowledge becomes obsolete to the extent that, as new techniques are developed, languages, technology and the operating environment. Changing the balance of forces on the market can make your experience outdated or completely inapplicable. Taking into account the rate at which sped days of the Internet, it can happen pretty quickly  » The only way out of this situation -. Investment in the equity portfolio of knowledge on a regular basis Many. The authors raise the issue of modularity and connectivity. The authors of this book is no exception. But they use some unusual term orthogonal ».  «The term orthogonal is borrowed from geometry. Two lines are orthogonal if they intersect at right angle, for example the coordinate axes in the graph This term was coined in computer science to denote certain variations or disconnectedness independence. Two or more objects are orthogonal, if the changes made to one of them, do not affect any other.  » It was not whether you have a case where you have a month before the end of the project know that DCOM for building client -servernoy architecture does not fit? And you have to look for alternative solutions I was in this situation, and only orthogonal system allowed to move to .Net Remoting for a week and will not break the terms. The situation in which turned out to be my team is not original. This happens all the time, and it is not only in the experience (which is clearly lacking in my case), but also in the fact that the adoption of the final solution a risky business. The basic principles of object-oriented design, iterative design process, modularity, and more directed to the postponement to a later date the adoption of many decisions. In fact, this problem can be considered more widely, not just in the context of a design solution, but also in the context of the views of man on the world in general and the software development process in particular. Chris Date is in the introduction to his excellent book An Introduction to database systems quotes the following excerpt of Bertrand Russell:  «I was accused in the habit of changing their opinions But how could a physicist, working since 1900, for example, boast in the middle of the twentieth century, the that his opinions did not change nilis over the past half century? That philosophy, which I appreciate and which I try to follow is scientific in the sense that we must always strive to obtain irrefutable knowledge, but new discoveries may reveal past mistakes are inevitable for any impartial mind. Whenever and whatever I say, now or in the past, I never claimed it the ultimate truth. I say only that at one time expressed my opinion was quite reasonable I would be very surprised if further research showed that it should be revised. Besides, I never expressed my opinion as the final verdict but simply pointed out that this is the best I could do at the time to reach a clear and accurate understanding. My goal was, above all, clarity around  ». Therefore, never hesitate to admit (and especially myself) that you made a mistake. Perhaps this is not a bug at all, can be under the circumstances, with the experience and knowledge this was the only correct way out Are not you were in a situation where a project manager, a representative of the customer, or who? -That of guidance comes to you and asks: How much time do you need, to complete the so-and that something? And how often do you meet: Week or Three days, when exactly understand what you did not understand (sorry for the pun), you have to The authors are advised to speak: Ill be back to you with this later . you almost always can get better results if you do not hurry up and spend some time to go through all the steps described in this book. by the estimates made on the fly ( for example, the office coffee machine), will have to return again and again as, indeed, and coffee, losing the peace . what do you think of an ode to the requirements? Perhaps your requirements have to get in your career? Or maybe you have faced the problem of over-specification? Maybe you are faced with the documents, which took dozens of pages, which was defined as Bitik should be dedicated to one or the other option, which invents its own terminology, completely contrary to the subject area? When everything behind it is simply impossible to make out the semantics what the system should do in the end? Unfortunately, not everyone wants to constantly expand their knowledge Helpful tips in the book a lot. If I continue to describe everything that impressed me in the same spirit, the description itself drags on a little book. Much of what the author describes intuitive to each of us, a lot can change our point of view on some aspect of software development. The authors do not offer a silver bullet and there is no guarantee that the path from apprentice to master can be simple. No, it is not so The main thing is that they want the authors, is that make you proud ownership. I wrote it, and I stand behind my work. Your signature should be recognized as a quality mark. people need to see your name in the title of the program and expect that it will be a solid, well-prepared, verified and documented. It should be a truly professional work. Written by true professionals. pragmatic programmer .

Influence of Ethics on Decision Making

Influence of Ethics on Decision Making Free Online Research Papers The influence of our coworkers and superiors along with our different values and beliefs has a huge impact on the way we as individuals make decisions. Some organizations encourage their employees to make ethical decisions while others promote immoral conduct. This paper examines the factors that influence ethical decision making and will also further discuss the impact that technology has as a stress inducer. The Influence of Ethics on Decision Making Many persons today assumed that individuals make difficult decisions within an organization, based on how he or she makes a decision in his or her family life. Social scientist have examined an individual’s decision-making abilities and have recognized that the pressures of organizational factors, individual factors and legal issues all influence the ethical decision making process. Most definitions define ethics as what is right or wrong. Ethical behavior means doing the right thing outside of the presence of others. Organizational ethics refers to employing integrity and honesty and using good values when making decisions. One difference between an ordinary decision and an ethical decision is the amount of emphasis placed on a person’s values when making an ethical decision. The mass media, interest groups and the legal system are the ‘judge’ who determines if a particular behavior is right or wrong. Whether these groups are true or false in their j udgment, society accepts or rejects an organization based on these judgments. Consequently values and judgments play a crucial role in ethical decision-making, and society establish them through legislation and social sanctions. A factor that determines a decision is based on how pertinent or important the case is, or the intensity of the issue. The importance of issues varies from time to time, and is influenced by one’s values and beliefs. Individuals and their values is one of the greatest challenges faced as it relates to organizational ethics. Individual factors are important in evaluating and resolving ethical issues. Conflicts between coworkers usually arise in the workplace and decisions that are made are based on their beliefs and moral philosophies. Ethical issues importance reflects an individual’s feelings, thereby activating the ethical decision-making process. Management can influence an ethical decision through rewards or punishments. Employees should train workers on how to handle ethical issues which is a step in developing the employees’ ability to make decisions which will also enhance organizational ethics. Decisions within an organization are made by individuals who belong to a meeting group or a committee. These decisions are guided by the organization’s culture and norms and are influenced by co-workers or superiors. Although most organizations encourage ethical practices some organizations reinforce unethical behavior Organizational practices and beliefs often create pressures and incentives that may contribute to an employee making an unethical decision. When an employees’ job is on the line it is difficult to say ‘no’ to a powerful superior. For example, a supervisor may request that one falsify profit documents. Initially it began with only a small falsified profit margin, eventually the margins grows extensively until it is completely out of control. When a company gains most of its profits from unethical or illegal behavior new moral up-standing employees may have a difficult time surviving, unless they part take in these illegal activities as w ell. Managers and coworkers help employees to deal or make decisions on unfamiliar tasks and provide background information on a daily basis. Employees in a group environment are subject to the ‘group think’ phenomenon and may go along with the group decision even if the decision differs from their values and beliefs. Some employees go along with their supervisors out of fear of offending, and may not question their directives in an organization that emphasizes respect for authority. Employees often feel obligated to follow their directives whether it is right or wrong. If the decision is questioned later the employees’ response is usually â€Å"I was following the bosses’ orders. Individuals also learn ethical or unethical behavior from persons they associate with. As a result decision makers who associate with unethical individuals usually behave and decide unethically as well. An organization’s culture and its influential employees may promote an environment that minimizes or maximizes misconduct. When such conditions provide rewards or financial gains, recognition or promotion, the opportunity for unethical conduct may be encourage or discouraged. For example a company may not provide punishment for an employee who violates the rules, which provide the opportunity for unethical behavior. In conclusion ethical decision-making do not solely depend on an individual’s value or belief. Employees do not work within a void; their decisions are based on the organization’s culture, the ethical climate, pressures of coworkers and supervisors and examples of peers and superiors. If rules and regulations are not in place to combat unethical conduct employees will be tempted to engage in such immoral activities. Organizations create its own ethical atmosphere and employees are significantly influence by this climate. The Impact of Technology on Stress On-the-job stress is a relatively new experience in modern day society People today now more than ever know what it means to experience work related stress. Over the years the work environment has gone through many changes and it continues to change. Changes have occurred from medical professionals to underwriting professionals from pilots to sales representatives. Challenges also continue to be the order for today’s workplace. For maximum performance to be achieved, challenge is almost imperative. Some employers have not yet realize that employees have only a limited mental and physical ability and may not always be able to handle the many challenges they face. As employees continue to apply pressure offering little support, employees experience work related stress. Moreover individuals are similar to machine they eventually break down or malfunction. Professional stress is a threat to one’s physical and mental health, and consequently affects the health of the organization. Work related stress is caused by a condition in the workplace that adversely affects an individual’s performance and sometimes affects one’s overall well-being. In some instances work stress is disabling, and chronic cases required psychiatric counseling. There are numerous factors that contribute to professional stress. Some of the most common causes are: Excessive Working Hours Some employees can work excessively, but only for a short period. After a while the body gets exhausted and burnt out and eventually leads to devastating results both physically and mentally. Work Under-load Employees perform the same duties repetitiously and the tasks become boring and routine. This factor has also been identified as a stress contributor. Job Insecurity Many organizations today are now experiencing restructuring, merging and downsizing. Employees fear that their company’s reformation will result in job loss. This uncertainty leads to work related stress. High Performance-Demand Employers set unrealistic expectations especially during corporate reformation. Employees may be timid to admit or express to their superiors that these time constricts are not feasible, not wanting to be viewed as not being able to handle a particular job. As a result employees burn themselves out, which again leads to tremendous stress and suffering. Workplace Culture Adjusting to a new environment sometimes poses a great deal of stress. Adapting to a workplace dress code, communication pattern, chain of command, behavioral patterns of coworkers and superiors, at times can be a lesson in itself. Some adjustments may cause conflicts with superiors and colleagues. Workplace gossip is also another major stress arouser. Personal Problems Employees tend to carry their anxiety and family life to the workplace. The individual may find it difficult to focus well on his or her job and may lack the ability to carry out the require job functions. T echnology The upgrade and expansion of computers, cell phones, fax machines and the internet has resulted in employers expecting high productivity, speed and efficiency. Employees are faced with sudden changes and sometimes limited or inadequate training. They are expected to perform well and become their own administration centers, with the computer system as the controller. Everyday interaction with coworkers is quickly subsiding and emails are replacing this channel of communication. As a result employee’s sense of well-being no longer exists and as anticipated this has a profound negative effect on one’s job performance. Today’s organizations are now giving serious considerations to stress management and are ensuring that it becomes a part of the company’s culture and philosophy. Measures are being taken to raise awareness and prevent stress in the workplace. Work related stress is induced through many forms and technology is one of the leading causes. As the face of technology continues to rapidly change, employees will be pressured to develop their abilities, thus it is imperative that employees determine the skill of coping with work related stress. References Schermerhorn, J.R., Jr., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N. (2005). Organizational behavior (9th ed.). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved June 11th, 2006, from University of Phoenix, Resource, and MGT331- Organizational Behavior Website. Spiers, Carol (2002). Organizational Stress: A Management Perspective. Retrieved June 11, 2006 from www.csa-stress.co.uk. Research Papers on Influence of Ethics on Decision MakingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office SystemGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Childhood Obesity in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Childhood Obesity in London - Essay Example This essay "Childhood Obesity in London" describes the problem of the increasing number of the obese children in London. There is no globally accepted definition for child obesity and hence researchers and healthcare professionals try to assess child obesity in terms of published guidelines of body mass index. As Ferry (n.d) points out, some professionals consider child obesity as a condition where a child’s body weight is 20% more than actually needed height according to BMI criteria, or body fat percentage is 25% above in boys and 32% above in girls. The condition of child obesity is defined as â€Å"the presence of excessive accumulations of adipose tissue that interfere with child health and well-being† (Simonton, 2007, p. 62). Medical journals and other healthcare surveys have repeatedly mentioned child obesity as one of the most life threatening disorders in the United Kingdom and other economically developed countries. According to a recent national survey report (as cited in Kellow, n.d), nearly 25 percent boys and 33 percent girls in UK are obese or overweight. It is predicted that these figures would be doubled over the next decade unless the UK healthcare authorities took some strong and thoughtful initiatives to curb the issue. As obese children are more likely to become obese adults, this eating disorder has a profound effect on a child’s health. Surveys indicate that majority of the parents do not give proper care on their child’s diet habits and this situation deteriorates the issue.

How does Turkey affects the Middle East and especially Syria Essay

How does Turkey affects the Middle East and especially Syria - Essay Example Turkey has been relating very well with most of her neighbors and acts as a model of moderation and mediation in the Middle East. This writing focusses on the position of Turkey regarding Syria as well as her relation with other countries in the region. Turkey is a contiguous transcontinental country lying between Western Asia and Southern Europe making it to act as a link between the Western region and the Middle East region. Turkey has had an increasing involvement with the Middle East in her broader frame of her foreign policy which extends to her relation with Western Allies. Turkey represents a n Islamic democracy which is integral for Western and the Islamic powers. Turkey’s position in the Middle East is seen by some other leaders as unwavering and does not represent the true spirit and opinions of many Turkish (Balci Web). Turkey is one of the powerhouses in that geographical location and neighboring countries wants to better their relationship but we have an unstable and volatile Prime Minister who is drunk and deranged with power so Turkey should not get physically involved with Syria or interfere with their internal affairs. Turkey is such an important nation not only in the Middle East because of her position to expend pronounced efforts to enhance peace, stability, democracy and tolerance in the Middle East. ... The country further plays a major role in distributing energy from Middle East to Europe which is very critical in the global economy. Also Turkey is seen as promoting Islamic democracy because it stands as a modern Islamic country which connects both the Western and the Islamic world (Demirtas Web). Turkey has always acted as a mediator and peace facilitator with her neighbors. It has attempted to democratize the Muslim world in the Middle East. Although seems to be uncertainty concerning her relations with neighbor after the introduction of the â€Å"zero problem with the neighbors† by the AKP regime, Turkey’s conflicts with her neighbors happen to eliminate the doctrine (Demirtas Web). The country has had several concerns which have seen it in an international unwarrantable situation by the fact that Europe tries to ignore her interests such as request for membership in the European Union. Even as Turkey was using her economic and political predominant role amongst h er Muslim neighbors to enhance peace in the region, her neighbors feel that Turkey is alienating them. For instance there has been deterioration of relations between Turkey and Syria, Iraq, Iran and Russia which may negatively impact the country (Candar Web). Entrance of Erdogen as a Prime Minister in 2004 was a major comeback for turkey as it tried to court her neighbors such as Syria and Iran and Ankara too reconciled with Damascus. However, tie between turkey and Syria was very close such that their forces conducted joint maneuvers while their foreign ministers came up with strategic cooperation council (Candar Web). They even signed huge economic contracts but the relationship did

Gibbs Reflective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gibbs Reflective - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that looking at the situation, the nurse thought it wise first to open a door. She assumed the driver might have forgotten to close their door and so begun with that door. The easiest way to get to the children was to open their doors next, and so she unlocked all doors and flung the back door open. The nurse was afraid of a misunderstanding between the parents or passers-by, she, however, could not limit her thought to the consequences and, therefore, swing both doors open. After the circulation of air was solved the next step was to look for the nearest authoritative agent. The nurse called a security guard, and it is at this point that she was able to seek help from a second party. They then both waited for the parent to return as they each took a child to their hands.Thid essay stresses that all caregivers are trained to handle all situations from a point of compassion and love. The nurse first took the situation from the children’s perspective. She thought that for an infant to try and understand, such heat and to look and find no help around was a painful situation. She, therefore, felt the need to address the situation in an immediate sense. There are quite a number of laws that govern how children are to be given care. It can   be mistaken as a kidnapper in such a situation. It was, therefore, her first instinct to relieve the children of the immediate threat and then the nurse would look seek help from a person in authority.

Russo-Turkey Relations and the Middle East

Russo-Turkey Relations and the Middle East Abstract The relation which Turkey share with Russia in the recent decades has been an example of truly bonding nature. Over a prolonged friendly relation for more than two decades, Turkey’s relations with Russia exacerbated first when it shot Russian bomber jet over the Syrian border and secondly the unfortunate killing of Russian ambassador which happened in Ankara. These incidents surely put a question mark on the peaceful relations of Turkey with Russia. Whether what the reality be, Turkey is accused for stabbing Russia in the back. These sore tending acts initially resulted in various sanctions posed by Russia against Turkey. In this alarming situation where crises have overtaken most of; Europe, Middle Eastern region and Russia, this rivalry may caution many states in the coming world order. Preface The crisis in the Middle Eastern region has brought in its wake a perceptible shift in Russo-Turkey relations in the contemporary arena. At first, the downing of a Russian Su-24 bomber jet by Turkish F-16 fighter over the Syrian-Turkish border bewailed the President of Russia. The subsequent reaction of that incident provided a great index of the deterioration between both. Secondly, the assassination of the Russian ambassador Andrey Karlov in Turkey put a stamp on Turkey’s goodwill in the sights of Russia. Russia was once considered a bitter enemy of Turks. In the contemporary arena, several ingredients have refreshed the erstwhile tensions as witnessed in the Tsarist and Ottoman eras. With the passage of time, the interaction between them has been fluctuating in keeping with the geographic and leadership transformation. By far, Syrian crisis is the latest point of contradiction between them, representing diverging interests. This is becoming a test case for the two for demon strating their lost-power in the wake of contemporary transformations in the world order from unipolar to multipolar. The policies of both the states towards Syria run counter to each other. Russia has shared a strong economic partnership with Syria, fact being that it (Syria) has remained a major beneficiary of Russian weaponry while Turkish Prime Minister, in 2012 called on Bashar al Assad to step down as the President of Syria. No doubt, there are convergences and divergences between Russia and Turkey to project their policies with each other as well as other stakeholders of the region. This paper is intended to analyse the Russo-Turkey relations in the backdrop of their interests in the Middle East, following the significance, convergences and divergences of their relations which have given rise to their contemporary role in the arena. After the discussion on the matter, this paper has extracted the role of Pakistan and has suggested way forward for Pakistan’s foreign policy concerning the subject matter. Why Middle East matters the most to Russia and Turkey? The critical interests of Russia and Turkey both lies in the Middle East. However they do not tend to be the same. Under the umbrella of NATO, Turkey is exercising its policies as an independent state in the Middle Eastern crisis. Syria, Iraq and Iran being border stitched to Turkey are perceived to be under strong observations of Turkish policy makers. While Russia, not a NATO member has a different framework for the region, particularly its need for the Mediterranean Sea, weaponry market and trading of oil and gas is apparent. Mediterranean Sea links Russia with Eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East and North Africa. So any situation of conflict, war or unease in these regions has impact on Russia’s political position. There are number of factors that are driving the Turkish policy in which Saudi Arab is a part. Turkey has made it clear that it wants the overthrow of Assad. This is the first time in its history that Turkey adopts a regime-change strategy. When the United States decided to counter ISIS with the help of possible regional alliance, Turkey refused to get actively involved unless the coalition were to target both ‘Assad’ and ISIS at the same time. It is clear that Ankara favours a war to the end of weakening all parts: Assad, ISIS, the Kurds and Iran. Yet it always preferred to rely on proxies and calls on NATO and the international community to intervene in Syria. It was because of this very tactic that Ankara allowed the Peshmerga (Iraqi Kurdish forces) to enter the Syrian town of Kobane through Turkey to help the Syrian Kurds in the battle against ISIS and this is again the reason why it decided to support the jihadists in Syria. While, Russia is seen more as to helping its friend Assad in the play as recently it condemned the United States’ air strike on Syria’s chemical launch pads. Syria is the only country in the region which has Russia’s base(s). Continuing its efforts to play a role and get hold of the oil, gas and other economic factors, Russia’s stance on Middle East policy is evident and strong in its intentions. Significance of Russia-Turkey relations Under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Russia and Turkey signed mutual agreements and MoUs for increasing both countries’ relations in terms of trade and cooperation.Turkey has remained one of Russia’s main trading partners. Both share huge amount of business in the sectors of energy, tourism and trade. The statistics show a viable flow of synergy between both. There is a proposed construction of a gas pipeline as well as the Akkuyu power plant, which may be affected after downing of a Russian jet by Turkey as a disputed incident. According to a Turkish academic, any damage to the infrastructure deals could be significant, because Turkey imports 55 percent of its natural gas from Russia and 30 percent of its oil. â€Å"Turkey has close strategic ties with Russia in terms of energy relationship with Russia, so it may be that the Turkish Stream project as well as the nuclear energy project – which is going to be constructed by the Russians could be affected, Professor Gurkan Kumbaroglu from Bogazici Universitys department of engineering, told CNBC. So it is apparent if any sort of clash of ideas occur in Russo-Turkey relations, Russia has its hands on the switch to constrain Turkey politically without involving any armed conflict. Similarly, Russia’s tourism department entertains much of Turkey’s tourism industry as 3.6 million Russians visited Turkey in the first nine months of 2013, according to the latest statistics of Russia’s Federal Tourism Agency. This definitely adds a lot to Turkish economy and proved Russia has the power to restrict its citizens to travel Turkey in the emergence of any dispute between the two countries. On the other hand, trade is the most primary sector which both countries has shared since few decades with tremendous outcomes. Turkish vegetable exports account for some 20 percent of vegetable exports to Russia. In 2014, according to Turkish foreign trade statistics, exports to Russia were worth $5.9 billion while imports from Russia were worth $25.2 billion. This scenario is more prone to absolute gains rather than relative gains because not only Turkey relies on Russian oil, gas and energy but Russia’s dependency on Turkish geostrategic location is a perfect example to say Turkey is also at gains. Convergences of Russia-Turkey relations Contemporary Russia did not take Turkey as an independent state and always restrained to be in connection with it until 2003 when surprisingly The Justice and Development Party of Turkey refused to allow American forces to use Turkish territory to invade Iraq. This proved to be a game changer for Russia’s perception towards Turkey. The relations furthered in a positive way leaving the footprints of Cold War era outside the door when Turkey, as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was considered a frontline state in the divide between the communist bloc and the western bloc. Surprisingly, given the unrest in the North Caucasus and the Balkans on which issue the policies of Ankara and Moscow clashed, these relations changed. The tangible convergences between the duos can be elaborated as under: Turkey’s need of oil and gas is one of the major convergence in the Russo-Turkey relations. The economic interests of both countries meet but there are points of divergence in various strategic plans to extend oil and gas pipelines between countries of the Central Asia, and the Middle East on the one hand and the European market on the other.   So, they need to act rationally towards each other to organize their interests. Russia’s dependency on Turkey is also apparent because Turkey might remain Russia’s necessary gateway to the Mediterranean, just as the Ottoman Empire was in the past. Nonetheless, there has been efforts to institutionalize relations between the two countries which, in the form of Turkish-Russian Cooperation Council in April and May 2010 got established. Since then the two leaders of the country have met annually. It has put a lot of impact on the international image of bilateral relations of Russia and Turkey because leaders from both sides warmly welcomed each other since then. Divergences, clashes and disputes There have been large number of conflicts ever since the Tsarist Russia and Ottoman Empire since 1560s. The Russian side won more battles than Turkey which clearly indicates the significance of geographic disposition of Russia. However, Crimean War led Russia lose due to possible stronger alliance of Ottomans with British, French and Italian forces. While in the contemporary world, Turkey’s neighbourhood has been in a turmoil, mainly Middle Eastern countries, which has directly influenced Turkey’s dealings with Europe and Russia. Today, the changed relationship between Turkey and Russia has been affected by strategic considerations and political interests relating to the current reality in the Middle East. Especially the crisis in Syria has moved both Turkey and Russia oppositely in terms of national interests. The two countries are not on the same pitch regarding the crisis. Turkey has clearly taken steps to remove the regime of Assad whereas Russia regards Assad’s ongoing leadership as a necessary condition to cope with the turmoil in the collapsed state. Preservation of its own strategic interests in the Middle East, Russia is sensitive in providing support to Assad. The conflict of interests between Turkey and Syria includes border issues, questions pertaining to water and riparian rights, religious outlook, political-military orientation, drug-trafficking, smuggling, terrorism (Kurdish insurgency), and espionage etc. Analysis Syrian crisis and all the history of Russo-Turkey relations aside, today, it is thought that Turkey has created a trust deficit in relation to its bilateral relations with Russia. On the other hand Russia is also thought to have taken Turkish early warnings serious. However, there was not a serious threat to Turkey from Russia. Perhaps, Turkey could have considered many points of conflict before downing a Russian jet which was merely on its airspace (according to Russian narrative of the incident) at Turkey-Syria border. Russia in no time retaliated and adopted a political approach launching serious sanctions against Turkey. The trauma was not much concerning the policies of Turkey or Russia towards Syrian crisis but shooting down a Russian jet paved a way of thinking for the Russians to analyse Turkey’s intentions and goals for the coming days. Subsequently Russia accused Turkey of being in business with the Islamic State of Syria. Similar reactions are observed from Turkish side as well. The war of words between the leaders of both countries have definitely evoked state of unease and unrest to their bilateral relations. The conflict however is not seen as beneficial for any side at all. Russia, despite of its potential projects in Turkey, has unilaterally signed sanctions against it. However there are no signs of waging a war by any of them against each other. In recent decades, Russia and Turkey have shared friendly and cooperative relations sharing economic, trade, military and projects related to energy sector. Both have respected each other’s view in the international decision-making process. The issue is not only limited to the interests of both the countries, but then again there are risk factors which are giving shape to their policies. Turkey is not land locked, but still it’s a jigsaw which connects whole Asia with the Europe. This puts a lot of responsibility for any leader of the Turkey to stand head to head against any turmoil which may disrupt country’s repute in the international arena. While Russia, despite being connected with many states, has to depend on the market of Middle East, European countries and specifically Turkey to constitute its trade, military, economic and foreign policy for survival as a state. It is clear that international relations are uncertain and unpredictable, both are crucially unparalleled to each other and the lack of trust between them is now a bone of contention. However, with the passage of time, relations may grip instead of losing its charm because Russia may digest what happened, or Turkey, which is not apparent at all, might apologize for its act of downing a Russian jet. Because, in an emerging world order into multi polarity, the interests of others may urge Russia and Turkey to rethink of their relations in a positive manner. Foreign policy guidelines for Pakistan in case of Russia-Turkey conflict The conflict of ideas between Russian and Turkish relations hasn’t directly influenced Pakistan to take any action of concern. However Pakistan does share points of convergences with both in terms of trade, educational exchange programs and tourist activities. In a nutshell, Pakistan and Turkey define each other as ‘sister countries’, and the friendly relations of both as a Muslim state is the apex of their strong bonds. On the other hand, while not overriding its relations with India, Russia has shown great interest to re-establish its bilateral relations with Pakistan. This can succeed the idea for Pakistan to maintain a balanced foreign policy towards Turkey and Russia in this matter. Yet again the ill-timed row between Russia and Turkey has subjugating power to keep Pakistan a neutral observer. At this point in time, Pakistan as a member of global community, having its national interests in Turkey, Russia and other Middle Eastern countries, has a shared responsibility to play positive role for the betterment of relations between them. In a limited context, Pakistan may adopt a policy of deescalating the tensions between both and suggest measures of cooperation and coordination to tackle the situation. Not to forget, Yemen crisis affected thousands of Pakistani citizens and resulted in their departure from Yemen. This puts Pakistan in a situation to tactfully regulate its obligation to work for the betterment of its own citizens while maintaining sustainable relations with other countries. Pakistan can beget neutralizing role to the hard lined tensions between Turkey and Russia and may need to facilitate both for the emergence of pleasant and reputed ties. Readings http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=6978#top-content http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/1616142.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aylin-unver-noi/turkey-and-russia-days-of_b_8695800.html http://tass.ru/en/economy/764152 http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/positionpapers/2013/05/20135795421533494.htm http://www.rubincenter.org/2012/04/russo-turkish-divergence-part-i-the-security-dimension/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34971902 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/24/world/middleeast/russia-turkey-jet-shoot-down-maps.html http://www.azernews.az/analysis/90476.html http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Oct-09/318233-turkey-warns-russia-energy-ties-at-stake.ashx http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/The-confrontation-between-Turkey-and-Russia-Lessons-for-Israel-436236 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-nato-idUSKBN0TJ14F20151130?utm_source=Facebook http://tribune.com.pk/story/1001173/turkey-will-not-apologise-for-downing-russian-fighter-jet-pm/ http://tribune.com.pk/story/1000436/russia-announces-economic-sanctions-against-turkey-over-jet-downing/ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/323430-russian-plane-down-turkey-us-nato/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/turkey-russia-tensions_5655c9dbe4b08e945fea945b http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/latest-russian-pilot-says-no-warnings-turkey http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/77659-turkey-would-have-acted-differently-if-it-had-known-jet-was-russian-erdogan https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/10/09/how-the-rivalry-between-russians-and-turks-shaped-the-world/ http://www.sigmalive.com/en/blog/zenonas.tziarras/2015/06/963/turkey-and-saudi-in-syria-aligned-interests-clashing-revisionisms http://tribune.com.pk/story/860335/every-effort-being-made-for-evacuation-of-pakistanis-from-yemen-fo/ http://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2015/05/17/pakistan-and-turkey-are-two-leading-countries-in-the-islamic-world

Functions Of Management Essay -- Business Management

There may be many ways for an organization to become successful but the key to success is not the system of the firm but the character and skills of the individual manager (Maister, 2002). Maister further stated that the character and skill of individual managers who "practice what they preach" and recognize the manager's role in training employees are what's really significant. Management is necessary for a business to function, yet when exploring the role of the manager, it becomes rather complex. Managers must be resourceful; they are individuals who wear many hats. The job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management. Richard Daft definition of management is "the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through the employment of the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources" (2005). Daft adds that these functions are goal-directed, interrelated and interdependent. The first of these functions, planning, involves creating a systematic process for achieving the goals of the firm. It prepares the organization for the future. Planning can take many forms and a variety of methods may be employed. Creativity and communication becomes very important in the function of planning. For example, during my employment with a tax service, in planning a marketing campaign several people had to be contacted. Communication was initiated in different forms such as e-mail, telephone, written memorandums and creative jingles. Today managers make use of planning through software and technological items such as blackberries in order to be well prepared during the planning process. Planning can also be seen as a way of control. ... ... needed (2005). Managers also play an important role is advancing these goals. Rather than just manipulating things and people to achieve goals, managers must advance overall organizational goals through the use of information systems. Technology is one element that is helping managers take control. The use of the internet and other technology has enabled them to keep tabs on performance without maintaining daily authoritarian control over employees (Daft, 2005). In Maister's book, "Practice What You Preach", he list nine statements as the most important truths for employees and profitability. The performance from company to company, despite the country, the size of the practice and the line of business, the four functions of management I found to be equally significant in his nine truths. Works Cited Maister, D.H. (2001), "Practice What You Preach"

Bad News

Bad News Letter Guidelines Tips: Before you start writing the letter, you have to ask yourself the following questions: 1. Is the letter for internal or external communication? * How close are the sender and the receiver? The Salutation (Dear / Hello / Mr. / Wolfgan? ) and the Closing (Sincerely / Best / Love / Regards? ) should pay attention! 2. How many parties are involved in the event? (a Mainland company IS NOT the name of the supplier!! ) 3. Do you understand the basic manufacturing process of a product / the product? NO Google it then!! Make sure you understand the meaning of ‘supplier’, ‘electrical component’, ‘assemble’, and ‘end product’ because components are very different from end products). 4. What is the role and duty of each part involved? 5. What is the event happened? What is the damage to the factory? Why is it related to the large consignment? What is the bad news exactly What is the real problem led by the incid ent in the factory? What is the immediate impact on the large consignment? 6. Is there any damage involved in the case? What kind of damage (e. g. financial, relationship†¦etc.? ) will bring to the company?And recommendations on solution? What kind of short- / long- term effect will bring between the company and the supplier? 7. What’s the immediate solution to the immediate problem? Why and How is it going to solve the problem 8. What other concerns is arose from the incident that constitute impact / damage to the company in longer term? What’s your suggestion / solution? What are the reasons to support your suggestion / solution? 9. Some of you mention about ‘customers / clients’. Where are they in the chain? What’s their role? If they are involved, what kind of damage will cause to them due to the incident?Why is it important to keep relationship with the clients? What is / are the solution(s)? What are the benefits of the solutions (in the short-term or long-term? ) Salutation| Internal or External? Dear / Hello†¦ Billy / Mr. Chan†¦ | Buffer| Think of it as an introduction of an article. It should briefly preview the main messages of the letter. The last sentence leads in to the next paragraph. | Reason & Bad News| Begin with the incident Bad New Implication to the consignment? | Immediate Impact & Solution| Begin with a sentence linking last paragraph’s last sentence. Briefly and clearly states the mmediate impact to the company or other party involved the solution why will it solve the impact| Longer-term Impact & Solution| Begin with a topic sentence hinting this paragraph is about longer term planning Briefly state the concern clearly states why the concern can be an issue to the company explain the solution clearly and logically (using â€Å"logic transitional words†) states the possible positive outcome. | Closing | Short and simple. Simply asking for approval / comments / meeting for fur ther discussion†¦ etc. And be positive| Complementary Close| Internal or External? Sincerely / Regards / Best / Best Regards? | Bad News Bad News Letter Guidelines Tips: Before you start writing the letter, you have to ask yourself the following questions: 1. Is the letter for internal or external communication? * How close are the sender and the receiver? The Salutation (Dear / Hello / Mr. / Wolfgan? ) and the Closing (Sincerely / Best / Love / Regards? ) should pay attention! 2. How many parties are involved in the event? (a Mainland company IS NOT the name of the supplier!! ) 3. Do you understand the basic manufacturing process of a product / the product? NO Google it then!! Make sure you understand the meaning of ‘supplier’, ‘electrical component’, ‘assemble’, and ‘end product’ because components are very different from end products). 4. What is the role and duty of each part involved? 5. What is the event happened? What is the damage to the factory? Why is it related to the large consignment? What is the bad news exactly What is the real problem led by the incid ent in the factory? What is the immediate impact on the large consignment? 6. Is there any damage involved in the case? What kind of damage (e. g. financial, relationship†¦etc.? ) will bring to the company?And recommendations on solution? What kind of short- / long- term effect will bring between the company and the supplier? 7. What’s the immediate solution to the immediate problem? Why and How is it going to solve the problem 8. What other concerns is arose from the incident that constitute impact / damage to the company in longer term? What’s your suggestion / solution? What are the reasons to support your suggestion / solution? 9. Some of you mention about ‘customers / clients’. Where are they in the chain? What’s their role? If they are involved, what kind of damage will cause to them due to the incident?Why is it important to keep relationship with the clients? What is / are the solution(s)? What are the benefits of the solutions (in the short-term or long-term? ) Salutation| Internal or External? Dear / Hello†¦ Billy / Mr. Chan†¦ | Buffer| Think of it as an introduction of an article. It should briefly preview the main messages of the letter. The last sentence leads in to the next paragraph. | Reason & Bad News| Begin with the incident Bad New Implication to the consignment? | Immediate Impact & Solution| Begin with a sentence linking last paragraph’s last sentence. Briefly and clearly states the mmediate impact to the company or other party involved the solution why will it solve the impact| Longer-term Impact & Solution| Begin with a topic sentence hinting this paragraph is about longer term planning Briefly state the concern clearly states why the concern can be an issue to the company explain the solution clearly and logically (using â€Å"logic transitional words†) states the possible positive outcome. | Closing | Short and simple. Simply asking for approval / comments / meeting for fur ther discussion†¦ etc. And be positive| Complementary Close| Internal or External? Sincerely / Regards / Best / Best Regards? |

HSBC Culture Essay

It is necessary to underline that organizational culture plays crucial role for employees’ motivation, job commitment, productivity, and overall working atmosphere. Therefore, HSBC culture promotes believes of honesty, teamwork, and integrity. HSBC culture is based on the following principles and values: highest personal standards of integrity, truth and fair dealing, quality and competence, minimum bureaucracy, quick decision-making, group interest ahead the personal ones, sustainable development and many others. For example, from the very start of the recruitment process HSBC leadership claims that right values are the most important criterion along with excellent leadership skills and good grades. Moreover, HSBC is open to provide changes and innovations. HSBC tends to seek new approach to dealing with routines and problems, and constructive feedback is highly appreciated and encouraged. (Hargett 2007) Moreover, HSBC provides flexible working patterns, disability care and care for elderly, as well as in-house employee assistance. Therefore, employees have an opportunity to solve health and divorce problems. HSBC culture is rewarding, vibrant, stimulating, and tends to prevent arrogance and coldness in banking sphere. HSBC culture promotes professional development and training. For example, professional trainers will provides staff with necessary interpersonal skills, problem-solving and decision-making techniques, personal grooming, time and planning management, etc. From the beginning of working process all employees have free access to on-line course and professional literature. HSBC offers variety. In other words, there are many things to discover and many people to learn from. HSBC has diverse personnel. (Wig 2007) HSBC culture strongly emphasizes the role of collective management and teamwork stating that these principles are the core of future success. Nevertheless, each team member is responsible for particular tasks. The working atmosphere is friendly – people are ready to help each other. Moreover, many employees are real critical and creative thinkers – they are open to new ideas. For example, HSBC consider critical thinking the vital component of decision-making process and business as a whole. Critical thinking gives experts and employees an opportunity to develop new fresh solutions to problems. It gives the possibility to enjoy analyzing data and information and then to develop opinions and conclusions. One more positive moment is that HSBC encourages striking the right balance meaning that people have enough time for social life. The Head of HSBC Human Resources states: â€Å"The day I stop smiling coming to and going from work is the day I know I have to stop working†. (Where to Work 2002) HSBC culture is driven by understanding traditions, needs of individuals, job commitments, etc. Furthermore, the company tries to be committed to all individual needs. It is necessary to outline that women comprise large component of company’s market and the company is trying to make service available and affordable for every community. Company’s success and achievements are seen worldwide. HSBC tends to understand better local people and to provide employees with right information to offer necessary services and to reinforce brand. HSBC developed unique way f tailoring services – it can â€Å"offer an enhanced level of service than other local practitioners operating in multicultural countries and this facet, therefore, offers significant competitor advantage†, as one of the HSBC leaders says. (Wig 2007) HSBC culture is also based on the principles of gender diversity and no discriminated I observed in this filed. HSBC finds it impossible to leave women out of the equation. HSBC tries to achieve gender split 50/50, and it is a good sign of pleasant culture. According to corporate culture, women are encouraged actively to be promoted from the first managerial rung of the ladder to the next steps. HSBC developed â€Å"Women’s Development Program† to attract women to enhanced roles. Bank organization is more balanced and more adaptable to new situations. For example, HSBC proclaims cultural diversity stating that respect for every individual will promote loyalty and tolerance in employees. (Where to Work 2002) The next moment to admit is that HSBC culture is defined as confident rather than brash. Bank organization isn’t organization which tends to shout from the rooftops. The main principles of corporate culture are modesty, honesty, openness, kindness, and knowledge. The next principle is multicultural staff. For example, in London, the board managers and managers of all layers are representatives of different races and ethnical backgrounds. HSBC positions itself as the world’s local bank. HSBC tend to find the best practices and make personnel acquainted with them. HSBC culture is described by collective management and teamwork rather than individual work. Collective management is presented at all levels of bank organization. It is possible to say that thousands of bank offices are, actually, one office. No other organization can say that their workers in London are chatting with partners in New York discussing ways of handling procedures. (Wig 2007) Finally, HSBC culture represents a strong set of values and believes. It promotes the overall sense of responsibility, provides recommendations how to act in everyday life and how make everyday decision. HSBC tends to assist employees both at work and in personal life. Further, HSBC supports straightforwardness and honesty in relations with customers. HSBC fulfills all responsibilities to customers, colleagues, shareholders, wider operational communities, and shareholders. Moreover, HSBC has a long-standing commitment to education that goes back well over a hundred years. It is known that organization supports educational projects and has deep commitment to the environment. (Hargett 2007) References A Better Environment For Business. Available from [Accessed 13 November 2007] Hargett, J. (2007). HSBC Holdings to Join in Financial Write-Down Parade. Available from [Accessed 13 November 2007] HSBC Bank. (2002). Available from [Accessed 13 November 2007] Where to Work. (2002). Available from [Accessed 13 November 2007] Wig, S. (2007). HSBC Careers. Available from http://hsbc.com.sg/sg/career/mdp/testim_swati.htm

8 Tips for Effective Revision

8 Tips for Effective Revision 8 Tips for Effective Revision If youve got exams coming up, youll probably be hard at work revising. But how can you ensure that your time spent revising is worthwhile? Weve prepared our top 8 revision tips to help you get in shape for those tests! 1. Start with Good Notes Ok, so this might not help you now, but its definitely something you can do going forwards. Make sure you take clear, legible notes in class so that when you come back to them they make sense! Try highlighting them with a color-coding system as part of your revision. It really helps you to make sense of them. 2. Make a Revision Timetable If youve got several tests to revise for, it might be helpful to make a timetable so that you can make sure you are spending enough time on each subject. Stick it up on your wall and try to follow it. 3. Take a Break When making your timetable, make sure you add in breaks. Ideally, you should have a 5-minute break once every half hour. Get up, stretch, have a cup of coffee, or go for a walk outside. Taking regular breaks will help your brain to function more effectively. 4. Sort Out your Revision Space The first thing you should do before revising is to tidy your revision space. If it is clear and uncluttered, you will find it much easier to work. 5. Dont Memorize, Summarize! Dont just re-read your notes, try making a summary of them in your own words. This will help you to remember them as you will have to process the words rather than simply reading them. Its surprising how much you can read whilst daydreaming! 6. Use Past Papers Your course tutor will probably be able to provide you with some past papers if you ask. There might even be some available on the Internet. Make sure you time yourself and use proper exam conditions. 7. Use Visual Aids If you have a visual brain, you might find it helpful to create charts or infographics. Doodling the main facts out can be a great way of making summaries of your notes. The funnier these are, the more you should remember the information! 8. Eat, Sleep, Run! Dont forget that your body needs fuel, rest, and exercise for your brain to function well. Dont be tempted to cram all night before a test. Plan out your revision for a few weeks before the test and dont do any revision at all the day before. Instead, go for a swim, eat well and go to bed early. Have a banana and plenty of water for breakfast and your brain will be on top form!

Life and accomplishments of W. E. B. Du Bois Essay

Life and accomplishments of W. E. B. Du Bois - Essay Example After graduating from Harvard as the first African American with a doctorate, he becomes a professor of History, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Throughout his life, it is estimated that Du Bois wrote over four thousand articles, essays, and books. As a result of his contributions, many university and government institutes have been named after Du Bois and currently he even has a face book appreciation group. His contribution to societal development through activism and scholarly work has been applauded by many scholars. He underwent a lot of hardships to accomplish his doctorate degree at Harvard University which was a remarkable achievement as was he was considered the first African American to earn such kind of honor. Through his determination and need to see a society free from racism and discrimination he cofounded National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). His contribution to African studies has been evidenced through his scholarly writings m ore so touching African American way of life. For example, According to Gooding (178), Du Bois contributions particularly provided an important but often overlooked perspective of Africana culture, history and philosophy. He also participated in the redevelopment of Africana studies and relating it to the events of the 21st century. Among his major scholarly works included The Philadelphia Negro and The Souls of Black Folk these books endeavored to show that Africans had same capabilities as their fellow whites and there was no reason for discrimination. On the other hand, his contribution to Africana philosophy of education was through such writings that demonstrated intellectual struggle, personal sacrifice, group leadership, and African historical and cultural grounding in understanding Africana studies. Through such contribution it has provided a pedagogical paradigm that helps to understand and explain African ability to excel. W. E. B. Du Bois has also been hailed for his exem plary political activism which contributed to black liberation, racial justice and the liberation of poor masses. Throughout his career life, Du Bois was instrumental in championing women liberation and black liberation. His writings particularly provided an important insight on Africana history, culture, and philosophy–informed framework for redeveloping Africana studies and crises associated to it in the 21st century. He has also been important in the development of critical social theory making Africana studies multicultural in its approach. The scholar has also contributed to Africana studies through relating critical theory to radical political mentality. Additionally Du Bois’s theoretical perception and pragmatic findings were trend setting as he challenged ideologies about black inadequacy. Unlike others during his reign Du Bois enhanced his theoretical beliefs on black dilemma, and the black middle class with experienced research documenting structural racism a s the major perpetrator of racial inequality. Throughout his teen years Du Bois developed an interest in race relation and went ahead to become the local correspondent for the New York Globe. He spent two years at the University of Berlin in Germany studying economics and history. During his studies in Germany, Du Bois saw the frequency of racism in a globalized context. Du Bois worked in a

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Marketing Planning - Essay Example 1.1 Product Introduction Mount Franklin is pure spring water without adding any flavour into the water, which is taken from beneath the ground, travelling through layers of the rock of three natural sources in Australia. In addition to competing with bottled water, Mount Franklin also competes with other non-alcoholic beverages. Despite the presence of competition and substitute products, the market remains attractive due to strong growth in demand, barrier to entry, lack of bargaining power of suppliers, favorable customers’ preference of bottled water over other types of beverages and CCA’s competitive advantage in distribution (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd., 2003). The objectives of this marketing plan is to improve the market position of Mount Franklin by growing the demand for bottled water and improving Mount Franklin’s image over its competitors. However, there are issues which need to be addressed e.g. cannibalisation of other products produced by CCA and negativ e publicity from overseas. To achieve the stated objective, both offensive and defensive strategies will be discussed. Offensive strategies will be used to grow market share, customer purchase and market demand while defensive strategies will be used to protect current market position. 2. ... These beverages are bottled in plastic, glass or else canned in aluminium for sale to wholesalers and retailers. Mount Franklin spring water is available in many stores such as convenience stores, food court, take away outlets, supermarkets and vending machines. The major players involved in this industry are Coca-Cola Amatil Limited (CCA), Cadbury Schweppes Australia Limited, Berri Limited and Golden Circle Limited (CCA, 2004). In Australia, soft drink industry is a large industry with over $3 billion annual turnover and employs a substantial number of workers as shown in table 1. The major group of consumers who drink the bottled water are young people, singles, and couples especially female aged between 14 to 35 years (Australasian Bottled Water Institute, 2004 a ). In bottled water category, the CCA share has increased from 15% to 35% in the previous 18 months. Per capita consumption of its brands, ‘Mount Franklin’, the market leader, ‘pump’ and ‘N everfail’ has been growing (Australasian Bottled Water Institute, 2004 a ). 2.2 External: Market Analyses Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Rivalry among existing firms The industry could be considered as oligopoly. There are five major companies which account for more than 80% of the market share. Each of the major companies holds more than 1% of the market share and seeks to improve the share position. In addition, there are numerous companies which are local and international companies that compete in this industry. Thus, there is intense rivalry within the industry. Barrier to entry Although there is no regulation that prevents a company from entering soft drink industry, barrier to entry remains significant. Brand awareness is crucial